Preamble

Assessment of Fire Safety Awareness and Knowledge Among High-Rise Residential Residents in Kunming

Huangfu Dongmei¹, Wang Xinzeng², Dai Haijian³
¹(Department of Architectural Engineering, Dianchi College, Kunming 650000, China)
²(Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100000, China)
³(School of Business, SEGi University, Selangor, 47810, Malaysia)

Abstract:
[Objective] This study evaluates the level of fire safety knowledge, preparedness, and awareness among residents of high-rise residential buildings in Kunming, Yunnan, and identifies key factors influencing their fire safety consciousness. [Methods] An empirical survey questionnaire was designed and administered to 303 residents of high-rise buildings in Kunming. Descriptive statistics and multivariate hierarchical regression analysis were employed to assess residents' understanding of fire safety, the availability of fire safety equipment, and the key determinants of fire safety awareness and knowledge. [Results] While most residents possess basic knowledge of high-rise fire safety, their preparedness for fire emergencies remains inadequate. Gender, age, educational attainment, and participation in fire drills were identified as significant factors affecting fire safety awareness, with drill participation being the most critical determinant of preparedness. [Limitations] Study limitations involve sample representativeness and unexamined socioeconomic factors. [Conclusions] Fire safety awareness was weak among nearly half of the residents. Participation in fire drills is the most critical determinant of residents' fire safety awareness and preparedness.

Keywords: High-rise residential buildings; Fire safety; Occupant evacuation; Hierarchical multiple regression analysis
Classification Number: TP393

This research is supported by the 2025 Dianchi College Scientific Research Fund Project "Empirical Study on Influencing Factors of Individual Behavior in Fire Emergency Evacuation of High-Rise Buildings in Yunnan" (Project No.: 2025XJ30).

Abstract:
[Objective] This study aims to evaluate the level of fire safety knowledge and awareness among residents of high-rise residential buildings in Kunming, Yunnan, and identify key factors influencing their preparedness. An empirical survey questionnaire was designed and distributed to 303 residents of high-rise buildings in Kunming. [Methods] Descriptive statistics and multivariate hierarchical regression analysis were employed to assess residents' understanding of fire safety and the availability of fire safety equipment. Key determinants of fire safety awareness and knowledge were further analyzed. [Results] The results indicate that while most residents possess basic knowledge of high-rise fire safety, their preparedness for fire emergencies remains inadequate. Gender, age, educational attainment, and participation in fire drills were identified as significant factors affecting fire safety awareness, with drill participation being the most critical determinant of preparedness. [Limitations] Study limitations involve sample representativeness and unexamined socioeconomic factors. [Conclusions] Fire safety awareness was weak among nearly half of the residents. Drill participation was the key driver of awareness and preparedness.

Keywords: High-rise residential buildings; Hierarchical multiple regression analysis; Fire safety; Occupant evacuation

In the global urbanization process, high-rise buildings offer significant advantages in land intensification, but attendant fire risks have become increasingly prominent [1,2]. Due to the difficulties in firefighting and rescue operations and the complexity of occupant evacuation at height, high-rise fires often cause major casualties and economic losses. Data from China's National Fire and Rescue Administration shows that high-rise building fires surged from 8,348 incidents in 2020 to 17,000 in 2022 (a 103.6% increase), with residential high-rise fires accounting for over 80% of cases and causing 260 fatalities [3]. This indicates that high-rise residential buildings have become a critical area for fire prevention and control, urgently requiring systematic solutions.

Fire safety standards for high-rise buildings are significantly stricter than for low-rise structures, particularly regarding requirements for fire elevators and escape stairwells [4,5]. Functional differences in buildings lead to divergent evacuation behavior patterns: office occupants are typically professionally trained and properly dressed, demonstrating higher evacuation efficiency [4]; whereas residential occupants face significantly extended pre-evacuation times due to circumstances such as sleeping, inappropriate attire, or accompanying elderly and young family members [7,8]. Psychological research indicates that residents' attachment to property and compartmentalization defense mechanisms further hinder evacuation decision-making [9]. Given that residential high-rise fires account for over 80% of cases in China [3], their evacuation vulnerability has become a key focus of fire safety research. Therefore, this study focuses on residential buildings, not only because they are the most common type of high-rise structure in China, but also because they face greater fire safety challenges.

Fire safety research has primarily concentrated on building structures, fire-resistant materials, and fire protection systems [4]. However, residents' behavior before and during fires is also crucial for ensuring safety. By improving residents' knowledge-preparedness-awareness (KPA) levels of fire safety, building fire risks can be reduced [7]. This study designed a questionnaire to evaluate residents' fire safety knowledge, preparedness, and awareness. Combined with descriptive statistics and hierarchical multiple regression analysis, it quantitatively identifies core factors influencing fire safety awareness. The findings provide empirical evidence for optimizing fire prevention and control strategies for high-rise buildings in Yunnan Province, specifically targeting the weak link of resident behavior intervention.

2. Individual Behavioral Factors Affecting Fire Safety

Fire safety in high-rise buildings requires the joint participation of residents and developers [7]. Research shows that when residents fully master knowledge of fire protection facilities such as smoke detectors and automatic extinguishing systems, the overall fire protection effectiveness of the building can be significantly improved [1]. Particularly against the backdrop of unique evacuation challenges in high-rise buildings [8], residents' fire safety literacy directly affects emergency response effectiveness.

Residents' behavior before and during fires in high-rise buildings significantly impacts fire safety. However, the behavioral components involved in high-rise building evacuation are not yet fully understood [8,9]. Studies indicate that individual risk perception ability significantly influences evacuation decisions: residents with higher risk perception are more inclined to initiate evacuation procedures promptly; while those with lower risk perception commonly exhibit delayed reactions and excessive information-seeking behavior, resulting in significantly extended pre-evacuation times [10].

Research demonstrates that residents' insufficient cognition of fire risks often leads them to neglect preventive measures, and this attitude significantly affects fire preparedness behavior [11]. Glauberman [12] found that fire safety awareness among high-rise residential occupants is directly related to their fire experience: residents with evacuation experience demonstrate better emergency preparedness, while individuals lacking such experience commonly suffer from insufficient evacuation route knowledge and low emergency self-confidence.

3.1 Questionnaire Design

This study employs a cross-sectional survey method targeting high-rise building residents in Kunming. The questionnaire design encompasses two core dimensions: evaluation of fire safety facility availability and assessment of residents' Knowledge-Awareness-Preparedness (KAP) levels. Demographic variables (age, gender, education level, etc.) were collected through random sampling (N=sample size). Data collection was completed in February 2025 via the Wenjuanxing platform.

Based on critical fire safety issues in high-rise buildings, this study designed a structured questionnaire comprising four core modules: 1) demographic characteristics (gender, age, education level, etc.); 2) fire safety awareness and emergency preparedness levels; 3) cognition of fire protection facilities. The questionnaire uses closed-ended questions (5-point Likert scale) and employs multiple linear regression models to analyze the influence intensity of various factors on residents' fire safety knowledge-awareness levels.

Therefore, we established a multiple regression model to evaluate the KAP level of high-rise building residents. The main questionnaire items are listed in Table 1 [TABLE:1]:

Table 1. Main Survey Questions
- Do you believe your current building has fire risks?
- Has your current building ever experienced a fire?
- Have any high-rise buildings in your residential community ever experienced fires?
- Q12: Have you experienced indirect fire incidents? (e.g., witnessing other buildings on fire or learning about fire incidents through relatives/friends)
- Have you ever participated in fire drills in your residential building?
- Have you ever participated in fire drills in other buildings?
- Do you have the habit of turning off unused appliances before leaving home (e.g., computers, fans, air conditioners, kettles)?
- Are there fire extinguishers in your building?
- Do you have an evacuation plan if a fire occurs in your building?
- Do you know the location of escape stairwells or emergency exits in your building?
- Do you know where those escape stairwells lead?
- Are the doors to those escape stairwells mostly closed?
- If a fire occurs, do you think the corridors in your building are wide enough for everyone on your floor to evacuate?
- Does your building have fire elevators?
- Is your floor equipped with automatic fire protection systems (fire alarms, smoke detectors, sprinklers)?
- Is your floor equipped with fire extinguishers and demolition tools?
- Are there clear exit signs in your building to help you find routes to escape stairwells, fire elevators, fire extinguishers, and demolition tools?
- Does your building have refuge floors or emergency rooms?

3.2 Regression Model Construction and Theoretical Hypotheses

The Knowledge-Awareness-Preparedness (KAP) level serves as the dependent variable, assessed through twelve questions from items 15 to 26 in the questionnaire. The second section, "Residents' Awareness and Preparedness," focuses on behaviors that residents should adopt to improve their household fire safety.

This study examines six key factors influencing fire safety KAP levels among high-rise building residents: 1) age; 2) education level (higher education may enhance awareness through risk courses and fire drills); 3) residential floor (higher-floor residents have greater risk awareness due to more difficult evacuation) [13,14]; 4) direct fire experience (those with personal experience are more cautious); 5) indirect fire experience (learning from others' experiences increases vigilance) [15]; and 6) fire drills (empirical evidence shows 80% of residents recognize their effectiveness) [16]. These six factors are treated as independent variables affecting residents' fire safety KAP levels.

Based on these factors, we propose the following six theoretical hypotheses:
H1: Age has a positive effect on KAP
H2: Education level has a positive effect on KAP
H3: Residential floor has a positive effect on KAP
H4: Direct fire experience has a positive effect on KAP
H5: Indirect fire experience has a positive effect on KAP
H6: Fire drills have a positive effect on KAP

This study uses gender and residential experience in high-rise buildings as control variables. Based on the above hypotheses and variables, we established the following multiple regression model:

KAP = β₀ + δ₁Gender + δ₂Residential Experience + β₁Age + β₂Education + β₃Floor + β₄Direct Experience + β₅Indirect Experience + β₆Fire Drills + u

Where β₀ is the constant term, δ₁, δ₂ and β₁-β₆ are regression coefficients, and u is the random error term. Microsoft Excel was used to process the raw data for each respondent, followed by hierarchical multiple regression analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics software. The Durbin-Watson test was employed to assess multicollinearity.

4. Research Results

Upon survey completion, 303 respondents residing in different high-rise residential buildings completed the questionnaire, with all responses being valid. This section presents descriptive statistics for the four questionnaire parts sequentially, followed by discussion of the hierarchical multiple regression analysis results.

4.1 Descriptive Statistical Analysis

This study collected 303 valid questionnaires. Sample demographic characteristics show: respondents were predominantly female (66.34%), aged 30-39 (65.35%), with education levels primarily bachelor's degree (65.35%) and master's degree (18.81%). Residential floor distribution indicates 35.65% of residents live on floors 1-6, 25.74% on floors 10-17, 18.81% on floors 18-29, and 12.87% on floor 30 or above, presenting typical urban high-rise residential characteristics. This sample structure reflects the basic demographic profile of high-rise residential residents in major Kunming cities, providing a representative research foundation for subsequent fire safety awareness analysis. Survey results show respondents' average residence duration in high-rise buildings is polarized: 40.6% have lived 9-15 years, while 21.78% have lived 4 years or less. Regarding building height, over half (52.48%) reside in super high-rise buildings above 31 floors, with 33-floor buildings accounting for the highest proportion (26.73%), reflecting the development trend of high-rise residential construction in Kunming.

4.2 Residents' Fire Safety Awareness and Preparedness

Table 2 [TABLE:2] presents descriptive statistics for the second questionnaire part concerning residents' awareness and preparedness for fire incidents. Based on questions 9-14, survey results reveal significant differences in fire risk perception: 29.7% believe their building has fire risks, 48.5% consider risks possible, and 21.8% hold negative attitudes (mostly residents in newly built or well-maintained buildings). Regarding actual fire experience, 5.9% of respondents' buildings have experienced fires, 23.8% have experienced fires in their residential communities, and 33.7% have had indirect fire experiences. Notably, fire drill participation rates are severely insufficient, with only 10.9% having participated in drills in their own building and 32.7% in other buildings, far below desirable普及 levels. Additionally, based on questions 15-17, analysis of residents' fire prevention behavior and emergency preparedness shows that 69.31% of residents have developed the habit of turning off appliances before leaving home, which corresponds behaviorally to statistical conclusions that electrical faults are a primary fire cause [6]. Although 93.07% of buildings are equipped with fire extinguishers, NFPA standards [17] indicate that the effective radius for ordinary combustible fires should be ≤22.86 meters, suggesting current configurations may be insufficient for rapid fire suppression. Notably, 52.48% of households lack evacuation plans, and this insufficient emergency preparedness, combined with residential occupants' characteristic property attachment psychology, creates evacuation delay risks. Compared to office environments, residential settings may experience 30%-50% longer actual evacuation times due to lower preparedness and emotional attachment factors (based on existing research estimates). A dual intervention strategy of "household fire extinguishers + customized evacuation plans" is recommended.

Table 2. Descriptive Statistics on Residents' Awareness and Preparedness for Fire Events (Part 2)
[Table content would appear here]

Cross-analysis based on questions 13 and 14 reveals significant age differences in fire drill participation rates: the 30-39 age group shows significantly higher participation than other age groups, with 81.82% participation in their own building's drills (Figure 1a [FIGURE:1]) and 72.73% participation in other buildings' drills (Figure 3b [FIGURE:3]), indicating stronger fire safety awareness among this demographic. Notably, residential floor may also be an important factor affecting participation willingness, though this study did not specifically investigate its influence mechanism. Potential reasons for participation rate differences include time constraints, weak fire safety awareness, or building management's failure to organize drills, which warrant further investigation.

Cross-analysis also shows differentiated participation characteristics across floor levels: for drills in residents' own buildings (Figure 4a [FIGURE:4]), participation rates are equal at 36.36% for floors 1-6 and 7-17, and 27.27% for floor 18 and above, suggesting relatively equal opportunities. However, for drills in other buildings (Figure 4b), low-floor residents (1-6) show 48.48% participation, significantly higher than mid- and high-floor residents (7-17: 24.24%; 18+: 27.27%). This discrepancy may relate to the higher proportion of working-age individuals (30-39) among low-floor residents whose workplaces organize fire drills, increasing their participation opportunities. Findings suggest that residential floor indirectly determines access to diverse fire drill channels by affecting residents' daily activity ranges.

4.3 Residents' Cognition and Assessment of Fire Evacuation Facilities

Table 3 [TABLE:3] presents questionnaire part three results concerning residents' cognition and assessment of their building's fire evacuation facilities. Survey results from questions 18-21 show high awareness of evacuation routes: 95.05% know escape stairwell locations, and 82.18% understand stairwell exit paths. However, 64.36% of respondents report that stairwell doors are frequently left open, a violation that may cause: 1) rapid smoke diffusion into evacuation routes (stack effect); 2) accelerated vertical fire spread; and 3) reduced visibility leading to stampede risks. Regarding evacuation efficiency, 55.45% of residents believe existing corridor widths can meet full-floor evacuation needs, though compliance rates should be verified against building codes. Recommended management measures include: 1) installing automatic door closers; 2) conducting evacuation route compliance inspections; and 3) assessing corridor width capacity.

Results from questions 22-26 reveal gaps in fire facility configuration: regarding fire elevator cognition, 49.83% of residents confirm their building has fire elevators, 26.40% indicate none, and 23.76% are uncertain (Table 3). These results differ from current building codes [5,18], reflecting possible violations in older buildings, severe resident cognition deficits, and significant socioeconomic factor influences (more prominent in low-income communities). For automatic fire protection systems, 56.44% of buildings have basic systems (fire alarms/smoke detectors/sprinklers), 69.31% have extinguishers and demolition tools, and 72.28% have clear exit signs. However, 19.47% of high-rise buildings lack refuge floors, which may create serious evacuation hazards in super high-rises (≥30 floors). Improvement recommendations include: 1) establishing AR navigation systems to enhance facility recognition; 2) strengthening compliance review for new buildings; 3) implementing fire protection retrofits for older buildings; and 4) developing refuge floor usage supervision mechanisms.

Table 3. Residents' Knowledge of Building Fire Safety Facilities (Part 3)
[Table content would appear here]

Cross-analysis of questions 18 and 19 shows that residents' awareness of evacuation routes decreases with floor level: awareness rates for escape stairwell location and exit paths are 34.38% and 36.14% respectively among floors 1-6 residents, dropping to 32.29% and 30.12% among floor 18+ residents. This phenomenon may stem from high-floor residents' reliance on elevators, resulting in limited stairwell usage experience. According to affiliation theory [18], this cognition deficit may expose high-floor residents to longer pre-evacuation times and higher safety risks during fires. Findings indicate the need for differentiated fire safety education by floor level, particularly strengthening evacuation route cognition training for high-floor occupants.

4.4 Multiple Regression Analysis

This study employed quantitative methods to code the KAP variable: gender was coded as male=1, female=0; education level was divided into four categories: high school and below (0), bachelor's (1), master's (2), and doctorate (3); residence duration was grouped into 1-4 years (1), 5-8 years (2), and over 8 years (3); age was categorized as 18-29 (0), 30-49 (1), and 50+ (2); residential floor was divided into 0-6 (0), 7-17 (1), and 18+ (2); binary variables (fire experience, indirect experience, and fire drills) were coded as yes=1, no=0.

Hierarchical regression analysis was conducted by constructing two progressive models: Model 1 included only control variables (gender and residence duration), showing gender had a significant effect on KAP (p<0.05) but limited explanatory power (adjusted R²=0.062), consistent with behavioral theory expectations that demographic variables typically explain only minor variations in complex behavioral characteristics [19]. To enhance explanatory power, Model 2 incorporated theoretically relevant variables including education level, age, and residential floor, forming a complete predictive system, as shown in Table 4 [TABLE:4].

Table 4. Multiple Regression Analysis Results
[Table content with coefficients, adjusted R², and Durbin-Watson values would appear here]

Model 2 results (Table 5 [TABLE:5]) show that gender (p<0.001), age (p<0.01), education level (p<0.01), and fire drill participation (p<0.001) have significant positive effects on KAP scores. Specifically: 1) males demonstrate superior fire safety knowledge compared to females (supporting gender difference hypotheses); 2) age increase is significantly associated with knowledge improvement (supporting H1); 3) higher education groups perform better (supporting H2); and 4) drill participants show 41% higher knowledge scores (strongly supporting H6). Residential floor shows a positive trend (p=0.079) but does not reach statistical significance, suggesting risk perception may promote knowledge acquisition among high-floor residents but requires further verification (partially supporting H3). Other variables (residence duration, direct/indirect fire experience) show no significant effects. Overall model explanatory power is 19.4% (adjusted R²=0.194), with a Durbin-Watson value of 1.990 indicating no multicollinearity issues.

Table 5. Hypothesis Testing Results
[Table content with p-values would appear here]

4.5 Moderating Effect Analysis of Gender and Residence Duration

Further analysis examined the influence of control variables (gender and residence duration) on fire safety KAP. Tables 6 [TABLE:6] and 7 [TABLE:7] present the p-values from regression results for these control variables.

(1) Gender Difference Effects
Regression analysis indicates that fire drills significantly improve fire safety KAP for both genders, but influencing factors differ (Table 6): For females, age (p=0.016) and education level (p=0.047) have more significant effects, while residential floor (p=0.115) has weaker effects, suggesting women are more responsive to knowledge-based education (e.g., fire safety campaigns, theoretical learning). For males, fire drills (p=0.028) have the most prominent effect, indicating men respond better to practical training (e.g., evacuation drills, fire extinguishing practice). These results support the development of gender-differentiated education strategies: theoretical campaigns for female residents and practical training for male residents.

(2) Moderating Effect of Residence Duration
Regarding residence duration as a control variable (Table 7), in the 1-4 year group, both fire drills (p=0.019) and education level (p=0.029) significantly affect KAP, indicating systematic training and knowledge dissemination are most effective for new residents. For the 5-8 year group, only fire drills (p=0.076) show marginal significance, reflecting greater reliance on experiential learning (drills) rather than theoretical education. Notably, for long-term residents (8+ years), neither intervention is significant, possibly because long-term residence has already formed passive safety awareness requiring more intensive interventions (e.g., simulated fire scenario training). These findings emphasize the importance of customizing fire safety programs according to residence duration: new residents need comprehensive education, mid-term residents benefit most from practical training reinforcement, and long-term residents require advanced scenario-based training.

Table 6. Gender as Control Variable
[Table content with p-values would appear here]

Table 7. Residence Duration as Control Variable
[Table content with p-values would appear here]

Consequently, the following conclusions and recommendations are summarized: 1) Gender-adapted strategies: knowledge education for women, practical training for men; 2) Residence duration-adapted strategies: comprehensive education for new residents, reinforced drills for mid-term residents, and advanced scenario training for long-term residents; 3) Policy implications: community fire education must be customized based on demographic characteristics to optimize resource allocation and training effectiveness.

This study systematically evaluated the current status of fire safety in Kunming's high-rise buildings, covering three core dimensions: residents' safety awareness and emergency preparedness, building fire facility configuration, and property management practices. Findings reveal prominent issues including insufficient resident safety literacy, missing critical fire facilities, and imperfect management mechanisms, urgently requiring the establishment of a multi-party collaborative improvement system.

Survey data indicates significant fire safety hazards in current high-rise buildings: 30.7% of residents have not developed appliance-shutoff habits, 67% have never participated in fire drills, and 52% lack evacuation plans. Regarding building facilities, over 80% lack fire elevators and refuge floors, less than 50% conduct regular fire inspections and drills, and only about 33% of community meetings discuss fire safety issues.

Research results demonstrate that Kunming's high-rise buildings face certain fire risks, requiring the establishment of a multi-party collaborative fire safety management system: residents should enhance safe electricity usage awareness and actively participate in fire drills; property management departments must improve fire facility maintenance and regular drill systems; government agencies should strengthen regulatory enforcement to jointly construct a full-chain prevention-response-management control mechanism.

Multiple regression analysis shows that fire drill participation has a universally significant effect on residents' fire safety KAP (p<0.01). The study also finds: 1) Age increase and education level significantly positively predict KAP levels; 2) Significant gender differences exist, with women more influenced by age and education (β=0.25-0.28), while men respond more strongly to fire drills (β=0.41); 3) Residence duration moderates intervention effects, with new residents (1-4 years) requiring "education + drills" dual-path intervention, while mid-term residents (5-8 years) benefit more from practical training. These findings provide empirical evidence for developing differentiated fire safety education strategies, recommending precise intervention programs designed for different population characteristics.

Although this study has limitations regarding sample representativeness and unexamined socioeconomic factors, it provides important references for high-rise building fire prevention and control. Future research should: 1) expand sample coverage across regions and building types; 2) incorporate socioeconomic variables such as income and community environment; and 3) deepen studies on multi-stakeholder (developers, designers, regulatory departments) collaborative mechanisms. Current findings can provide methodological foundations for customized questionnaire design and precise intervention strategy development.

In summary, this study systematically evaluated the current status of fire safety in Kunming's high-rise residential buildings, focusing on two core dimensions: residents' safety awareness and fire facility configuration. Statistical data shows that nearly half of residents have weak fire safety awareness. Additionally, some high-rise buildings do not comply with standards regarding refuge configurations, such as lacking fire elevators and refuge floors. Residents' feedback indicates that authorities should intensify efforts to regularly inspect building fire protection measures, and building management committees should play a more active role in providing fire safety education and organizing fire drills. Furthermore, multiple regression model results demonstrate that participation in fire drills is the most critical determinant of residents' fire safety awareness and preparedness. This study also identified demographic categories with potentially lower fire risk awareness, including less-educated residents and younger women. The findings can serve as valuable resources to guide future policy promotion and fire drill training.

For future research, we recommend: (1) expanding sample size and geographical coverage to enhance generalizability; (2) incorporating more socioeconomic variables (e.g., income, occupation) into the analytical framework; and (3) developing survey questionnaires for different stakeholders to facilitate multi-perspective analysis. These methodological improvements will further illuminate the complex interactions between building environmental factors and human behavior in fire safety, thereby providing strong support for creating safer high-rise communities amid Yunnan's rapid urbanization.

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(Corresponding author: Huangfu Dongmei, E-mail: 20212100042@dcc.edu.cn)

Author Contribution Statement:

Huangfu Dongmei: Proposed research ideas, designed research methodology; drafted manuscript.
Wang Xinzeng: Collected, cleaned, and analyzed data.
Dai Haijian: Revised final manuscript version.

Author contributions can be categorized as: 1) Research conceptualization and design, including specific ideas or methods; 2) Research implementation, such as conducting experiments or surveys; 3) Data acquisition, provision, and analysis; 4) Manuscript drafting or final version revision. Each research paper can further specify author contributions based on research activity characteristics. Some research activities may involve other contributions that can be specifically stated. For papers with multiple authors, each author's specific contributions to the above four aspects must be indicated at the end of the paper.