Research on Public Library Participation in the Compilation and Publication of Local Literature Series

Deng Yaqin
(Foshan Library, Foshan 528000, China)

Abstract:
[Purpose/Significance] As the primary repositories of local historical documents, public libraries play a vital role in the collation and publication of local literature series, which is essential for preserving and promoting distinctive local cultures and advancing regional socio-economic and cultural development. [Method/Process] This study employs network investigation and literature analysis to examine the overall landscape of public library involvement in local literature series projects nationwide. [Results/Conclusion] The findings reveal that public library participation suffers from low engagement levels, monolithic involvement patterns, and a lack of initiative. It is recommended that public libraries enhance their contribution quality by leveraging resource advantages, strengthening academic accumulation, seeking multi-party collaboration, innovating participation methods, and establishing effective mechanisms to fulfill their mission of protecting and inheriting outstanding local cultural heritage.

Keywords: Public library; Local literature series; Compilation and publication

A congshu (series) is a collection of multiple works compiled according to specific principles and formats, including categories such as anthologies, reconstructed lost works, regional compilations, and personal collections \cite{1}. Local literature series are equivalent to regional congshu, specializing in collecting works by local authors and related documents from a particular geographical area. These series are crucial for protecting and promoting local cultural heritage and fostering regional socio-economic and cultural development. In early 2007, the General Office of the State Council issued the Opinions on Further Strengthening the Protection of Ancient Books \cite{2}. In 2012, the "Revolutionary Documents and Republican Era Documents Protection Program" was officially launched \cite{3}, initiating nationwide surveys of ancient books and Republican-era documents. These initiatives enabled regions to ascertain the scope of their local historical document collections, providing necessary conditions for the systematic collation and publication of local literature series. In April 2022, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council issued the Opinions on Promoting Ancient Book Work in the New Era \cite{4}, emphasizing the need for systematic collation and publication of extant literature and accelerated utilization of ancient book resources. Driven by these national policies, compilation projects for local literature series have been launched and completed across provinces and municipalities in recent years, becoming significant undertakings in local cultural construction.

Public libraries serve as the main repositories of local historical documents and bear the responsibility to protect, inherit, and promote local historical literature and outstanding culture. Investigating public library participation in local literature series collation and publication holds practical significance for ancient book and local literature work. A CNKI search for "local literature series" reveals that existing research focuses on introducing or evaluating individual series or regional projects, with few articles examining the issue from the perspective of public library participation. Therefore, this study employs network investigation, literature analysis, and comprehensive induction to survey public library involvement in local literature series projects nationwide, analyze their experiences and shortcomings, and propose recommendations to benefit the protection, development, and utilization of ancient books and local literature in public libraries.

1.1 Overall Situation

To thoroughly examine public library participation, this study first collected information on nearly one hundred local literature series projects through network investigation. From these, forty representative series launched after 2000 were selected for primary analysis, covering provincial, municipal, county, and township administrative levels [TABLE:1][TABLE:2][TABLE:3].

[TABLE:1]

Table 1. Provincial-Level Local Literature Series Projects

No. Series Name Time Period Organizer Participating Libraries Role 1 Huxiang Wenku 2006–2013 Hunan Provincial Party Committee and Government Hunan Library, etc. Compilation, providing master copies 2 Shandong Wenxian Jicheng 2006–2011 Shandong Provincial Government, Shandong University Shandong Library, etc. Compilation, providing master copies 3 Neimenggu Lishi Wenxian Congshu 2007–present Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Library Society Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Library Compilation, providing master copies 4 Zhejiang Wencong 2010–present Zhejiang Provincial Government, Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House Zhejiang Library, etc. Providing master copies, responsible for compilation 5 Guangxi Lidai Wenxian Jicheng 2010–present Guangxi Guixue Research Society, etc. Guangxi Library, Nanning Library Project promotion, hosting new book launches 6 Bashu Quanshu 2010–2023 Sichuan Provincial Party Committee Propaganda Department, Sichuan University Sichuan Library, etc. Compilation, providing master copies 7 Bayu Wenku 2010–present Chongqing Municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department, etc. Chongqing Library Responsible for compiling general bibliography 8 Xinjiang Wenku 2011–present Xinjiang Autonomous Region Government Xinjiang Library, etc. Attending launch ceremonies 9 Yanzhao Wenku 2013–present Hebei Provincial Party Committee and Government Hebei Library, etc. Providing master copies, receiving donated books 10 Shaanxi Gudai Wenxian Jicheng 2013–present Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee Propaganda Department, Ancient Books Collation Office Shaanxi Library, etc. Compilation, providing master copies 11 Jingchu Wenku 2014–present Hubei Provincial Party Committee and Government Hubei Library Participating in new book releases and academic seminars 12 Yunnan Congshu Xubian 2014–2021 Yunnan Provincial Party Committee and Government Yunnan Library, etc. Academic guidance, providing master copies 13 Qiongya Wenku 2014–present Hainan Provincial Party Committee and Government Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province Selecting titles, providing master copies 14 Shanxi Wenhua 2015–present Shanxi Provincial Government Shanxi Library, etc. Conducting promotional activities 15 Jiangsu Wenku 2016–present Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee and Government, Phoenix Publishing & Media Group Nanjing Library, etc. Responsible for "Bibliography Compilation" 16 Guizhou Wenku 2016–present Guizhou Provincial Party Committee and Government, Guizhou Publishing Group Guizhou Library, etc. Providing documents, academic guidance 17 Shuofang Wenku 2016–present Ningxia Library, etc. Ningxia Library, etc. Providing master copies, academic guidance 18 Tianjin Wenxian Jicheng 2013–2017 Tianjin Library, Tianjin Wenjin Academy Tianjin Library Co-compilation, librarian as chief editor 19 Bamin Wenku 2019–present Fujian Provincial Party Committee Propaganda Department, Strait Publishing & Distribution Group National Library of China, etc. Compilation, providing master copies

[TABLE:2]

Table 2. Municipal-Level Local Literature Series Projects

No. Series Name Time Period Organizer Participating Libraries Role 1 Wenzhou Wenxian Congshu 2001–2007 Wenzhou Municipal Party Committee and Government Wenzhou Library Responsible for editorial board work 2 Guangzhou Dadian 2005–2015 Guangzhou Municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department, Guangdong Provincial Department of Culture Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou Library, etc. Responsible for master copies, daily affairs, organizing activities 3 Shaoxing Congshu 2005–present Shaoxing Municipal Party Committee and Government National Library of China, etc. Providing master copies, academic guidance 4 Quanzhou Wenku 2006–present Quanzhou Municipal Government Quanzhou Library, etc. Compilation, providing master copies 5 Chongxiu Jinhua Congshu 2008–2013 Jinhua Municipal Party Committee and Government National Library of China, Jinhua city/county libraries Compilation, providing master copies 6 Jinling Quanshu 2009–present Nanjing Municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department, Nanjing Publishing Media Group Nanjing Library, etc. Providing, collecting, and organizing materials 7 Wuxi Wenku 2010–2012 Wuxi Municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department, Phoenix Publishing & Media Group Wuxi Library, etc. Providing master copies, conducting promotion 8 Taizhou Wenxian Congshu 2011–present Taizhou Municipal Government, Bureau of Culture, Radio, Television, Press and Publication Taizhou Library Hosting launch ceremonies 9 Yangzhou Wenku 2013–2015 Yangzhou Municipal Party Committee and Government Nanjing Library, etc. Providing master copies, conducting promotion 10 Honghe Wenku 2014–present Honghe Prefectural Party Committee Party History Research Office Yunnan Library, etc. Compilation, providing master copies 11 Quzhou Wenxian Jicheng 2013–2015 Quzhou Municipal Party Committee and Government, Quzhou Municipal People's Congress National Library of China, Shanghai Library, etc. Compilation, providing master copies 12 Dongguan Lishi Wenxian Congshu 2015–2018 Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province, Dongguan Guancheng Library Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province, Dongguan Guancheng Library Co-compilation, providing master copies 13 Zhongshan Wenxian 2015–2020 Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-sen Former Residence Memorial Hall Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province, National Library of China Co-compilation, providing master copies 14 Zunyi Congshu 2015–2019 Zunyi Municipal Party Committee and Government, Zunyi Municipal Political Consultative Conference National Library of China, Shanghai Library, etc. Compilation, providing master copies 15 Shaoguan Lishi Wenxian Congshu 2019–2022 Shaoguan Municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department, Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province, National Library of China Co-compilation, providing master copies 16 Maoming Lishi Wenxian Congshu 2020–2022 Maoming Municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department, Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province, Maoming Library Co-compilation, providing master copies, conducting promotional activities

[TABLE:3]

Table 3. County and Township-Level Local Literature Series Projects

No. Series Name Time Period Organizer Participating Libraries Role Notes 1 Yiwu Congshu 2008–2021 Yiwu Municipal Party Committee and Government Yiwu Library, etc. Compilation, providing master copies Yiwu is a county-level city under Jinhua, Zhejiang 2 Xiqiao Lishi Wenhua Wenxian Congshu 2010–present Xiqiao Town Government, Zhongshan University Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province Compilation, providing master copies Xiqiao Town is under Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong 3 Ninghai Congshu 2012–2016 Ninghai County Party Committee and Government, Bureau of Culture, Radio, Television, Press and Publication Ningbo Library, Zhejiang Library, etc. Compilation, providing master copies Ninghai County is under Ningbo, Zhejiang 4 Jinjiang Wenku 2014–present Jinjiang Municipal Government, Local Chronicles Office Fujian Library, etc. Compilation, providing master copies Jinjiang is a county-level city under Quanzhou, Fujian 5 Changshu Wenku 2018–2021 Changshu Municipal Party Committee and Government National Library of China, Changshu Library, etc. Providing master copies, academic guidance, organizing activities Changshu is a county-level city under Suzhou, Jiangsu

Based on the investigation, public library participation in local literature series projects exhibits several characteristics. First, in terms of geographical scope, nearly every provincial-level administrative region has launched local literature series projects, while municipal, county, and township-level initiatives are concentrated in a few economically developed coastal cities in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta regions, positively correlating with local economic development and public library infrastructure. Second, regarding project timelines, most local literature series projects were initiated around 2010, with large-scale provincial projects emerging after 2010. This trend closely relates to the nationwide implementation of the "Chinese Ancient Books Protection Program" since 2007, during which public libraries conducted comprehensive surveys that clarified the overall landscape of local literature collections. Third, in terms of organizing bodies, local literature series projects are primarily government-led, implemented by propaganda departments, culture/tourism/sports bureaus, and other agencies, with collaboration from publishers, universities, libraries, cultural centers, and various social forces. Overall, public libraries have achieved 100% participation rates in local literature series projects, playing indispensable roles such as providing master copies and selecting titles. However, due to various subjective and objective factors—including their socio-economic status and functional characteristics—public libraries' modes and degrees of participation vary significantly across different projects, warranting further discussion and analysis.

1.2 Degree and Manner of Public Library Participation

Public library participation in local literature series collation and publication can be categorized into three types.

1.2.1 Comprehensive Participation: Overseeing Entire Projects

In certain local literature series projects, public libraries serve as the organizing unit with comprehensive involvement, taking charge of overall coordination and leadership, and are credited as editors or co-editors. Examples include: Dongguan Lishi Wenxian Congshu, co-edited by the Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province and Dongguan Guancheng Library \cite{5}; Tianjin Wenxian Jicheng, collaboratively edited by Tianjin Library and Tianjin Wenjin Academy \cite{6}; and Neimenggu Lishi Wenxian Congshu, edited by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Library Society \cite{7}. Such series constitute a small proportion, typically characterized by single publication formats (primarily facsimile reprints), smaller scales (generally around 50 volumes), and significant differences from provincial-level series comprising hundreds or thousands of volumes in diverse formats.

1.2.2 Major Participation: Undertaking Critical Tasks

In some projects, public libraries are major participants undertaking important editorial or managerial responsibilities. For instance, Hubei Library is responsible for compiling the "Local Gazetteers" section of Jingchu Wenku \cite{8}; Chongqing Library compiles the general bibliography—the first major work of Bayu Wenku \cite{9}; Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province primarily handles master copy collection and collation for Guangzhou Dadian \cite{10}; Wenzhou Library manages the daily operations of the editorial board and office for Wenzhou Wenxian Congshu \cite{11}; and Nanjing Library undertakes the compilation of the "Bibliography" section of Jiangsu Wenku \cite{12}. These libraries are typically the largest public libraries in their regions, participating as major academic or cultural forces in local literature series compilation.

1.2.3 Passive Participation: Providing Support

Most public libraries participate passively in local literature series projects due to their collection functions or operational characteristics, primarily by providing master copies upon request from project working groups. For example, the preface to Chongxiu Jinhua Congshu acknowledges "national, provincial, and municipal libraries and museums for providing convenient access to books" \cite{13}, while the compilation of Huxiang Wenku received support from Hunan Library and other units \cite{14}.

1.3 The Role of Public Libraries in Local Literature Series Projects

Due to varying degrees and modes of participation, public libraries play diverse roles in local literature series collation and publication, summarized as follows.

1.3.1 Resource Survey: Clarifying Collection Status

The launch of the "Chinese Ancient Books Protection Program" in 2007 and the "Revolutionary Documents and Republican Era Documents Protection Program" in 2012 positioned public libraries as key participants in comprehensive surveys of their collections. This work clarified the overall landscape of local literature holdings, laying the foundation for determining series content frameworks and protecting precious local documents. For example, Mr. Yang Haiqing, former deputy director of Hubei Library, compiled the General Catalog of Extant Hubei Works based on thorough investigation of Hubei literature, establishing a solid foundation for the ancient books and local gazetteer sections of Jingchu Wenku and earning recognition as a "pioneering contribution to Jingchu culture" \cite{15}.

1.3.2 Master Copy Provision: Ensuring Version Quality

Providing master copies from library collections for facsimile reproduction or punctuated collation is the most fundamental and common function of public libraries in series publication, ensuring version quality. For instance, Quzhou Wenxian Jicheng (published in facsimile) utilized master copies including 9 Song-Yuan rare editions, 45 Ming dynasty imprints, 134 Qing dynasty imprints, and 43 manuscript copies from important institutions such as the National Library of China and Zhejiang Library \cite{16}. Similarly, according to the general preface and fourth volume compilation notes of Wuxi Wenku, "Wuxi's historical classics are preserved in major libraries both domestic and overseas," and the series benefited from these libraries' version support to protect and rescue precious documents. The Collected Works of Mr. Liangxi was reproduced "based on the Qing manuscript copy in the Shanghai Library" \cite{17}.

1.3.3 Master Copy Collation: Ensuring Comprehensive Content

Since local literature is often scattered across institutions and individuals nationwide—even worldwide—series compilation cannot rely solely on local library holdings but requires extensive networking and collection efforts. Many public libraries have contributed to the comprehensiveness of series content through document collection and collation. In the Guangzhou Dadian project, Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province served as the main force in collecting Guangzhou prefecture literature scattered across various locations, undertaking heavy collation work including version comparison, scanning, and proofreading \cite{18}.

1.3.4 Human Resources Support: Managing Daily Operations

Local literature series collation and publication constitute major cultural projects involving complex management matters such as personnel, funding, and institutional cooperation, requiring dedicated working groups for standardized coordination. Some public libraries leverage their professional human resources to manage daily operations and ensure orderly progress. For example, Wenzhou Library handled the daily work of Wenzhou Wenxian Congshu compilation and publication, including organizing editorial meetings, contacting authors, and managing document archives, ensuring the project's successful completion \cite{11}. Similarly, Guangzhou Library established the Guangzhou Dadian Research Center, responsible for compiling Guangzhou Dadian and its subsequent series, operating jointly with Guangzhou Library \cite{19}.

1.3.5 Academic Guidance: Providing Intellectual Support

Professional librarians continuously accumulate knowledge, research experience, and academic achievements in local literature work, playing an indispensable role in providing intellectual support for series collation and publication. In the Jiangsu Wenku project, experts and scholars from Nanjing Library and the National Library of China participated in symposiums, offering academic guidance based on their library experience \cite{20}.

2. Shortcomings in Public Library Participation

Overall, public library participation in local literature series collation and publication exhibits three main shortcomings.

2.1 Low Participation Level and Insufficient Leadership

Most local literature series projects are dominated by government propaganda departments, publishers, or universities rather than libraries. Among the 40 series surveyed, 34 (85%) were government-led, including 6 co-led by government and publishers and 4 co-led by government and universities. For example, Hebei's Yanzhao Wenku is led by the Hebei Provincial Party Committee and Government with Hebei University as the main participant; Ningxia's Shuofang Wenku centers on Ningxia University; Zhejiang Wencong is led by the Zhejiang Provincial Government and Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House; and Jiangsu Wenku is led by the Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee, Government, and Jiangsu Phoenix Publishing & Media Group. Only 2 series were co-led by government and public libraries, and 5 were independently or jointly led by public libraries with other cultural institutions or social forces, accounting for merely 17.5% of library-led projects, most of which are small-scale, single-format series.

2.2 Monolithic Participation Pattern and Lack of Initiative

Public library participation predominantly involves providing master copies. For instance, master copies for Zhongshan Wenxian came from Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province, the National Library of China, Nanjing Library, Shanghai Library, and other collections \cite{21}; Quzhou Wenxian Jicheng includes local literature from the National Library of China, Shanghai Library, Zhejiang Library, and others \cite{16}; and the compilation team for Chongxiu Jinhua Congshu sourced books from libraries and museums in Jinhua's counties and districts \cite{13}. While public libraries could participate in diverse ways, most lack active participation awareness and remain passive document providers.

2.3 Imbalanced Participation with Minimal Grassroots Involvement

Both provincial and municipal/county/township-level projects primarily involve a few major public libraries such as the National Library of China, Shanghai Library, and provincial libraries, with minimal participation from grassroots public libraries. Grassroots libraries are typically mentioned only incidentally as donation recipients in news reports, such as Sanyuan County Library accepting donations of Shaanxi Gudai Wenxian Jicheng from the Shaanxi Provincial Academy of Social Sciences Ancient Books Collation Office \cite{22}. Correspondingly, local literature series projects remain concentrated at the provincial level, with municipal/county/township-level projects limited to a few economically developed coastal cities.

3. Recommendations for Public Library Participation

Public libraries' shortcomings in this area are largely determined by objective factors including their authority, social status, and financial capacity. To leverage strengths, overcome weaknesses, and actively fulfill their mission of inheriting outstanding local culture, public libraries should adopt the following strategies.

3.1 Leverage Resource Advantages

As document repositories, public libraries possess unique resource advantages that can promote balanced, high-quality development of local literature series projects. First, provincial libraries should actively fulfill their function of leading regional cultural heritage protection by utilizing their rich local historical literature collections, professional staff, broad social influence, and accumulated experience from provincial series projects to assist, guide, and promote local literature series compilation. For example, Nanjing Library, Shanghai Library, and Zhejiang Library extensively provide master copies for series at all levels, with Nanjing Library also organizing professional staff to compile abstracts for Jiangsu Wenku, Jinling Quanshu, and Zhenjiang Wenku \cite{23}. Second, grassroots libraries should strengthen local literature collection development to build comprehensive, regionally distinctive resource systems that provide documentary support for series compilation. Third, regional library communities should enhance communication and cooperation to form consortia for local cultural heritage protection, using industry influence to promote grassroots local literature series publication. The experiences of Guangxi's library community in promoting Guangxi Lidai Wenxian Jicheng and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Library Society's leadership in Neimenggu Lishi Wenxian Congshu merit emulation \cite{7}.

3.2 Strengthen Academic Accumulation

Grassroots libraries should build academic foundations for local literature series projects through preliminary research. First, they should document the transmission of local literature, ascertain the scope of local historical document collections, and compile preservation catalogs. Second, they should analyze the preservation status of local historical documents across dynasties to clarify the significance and urgency of rescuing, protecting, and utilizing rare and distinctive materials. In series compilation, comprehensive investigation is the prerequisite, and catalog framework development is the foundation—both tasks that public libraries can independently complete within their functions and essential pathways for more proactive participation and effective fulfillment of cultural heritage responsibilities.

3.3 Seek Multi-Party Collaboration

Beyond relying on government support, public libraries should expand their approach to funding sources and publication methods. First, they should seek cooperation with broader social forces—including local cultural organizations, enterprises, and individuals—to secure diversified funding, manpower, and material support. Second, publication approaches should be flexible, prioritizing quality over quantity by focusing on urgently needed documents and distinctive local culture, then gradually expanding the series. For example, Neimenggu Lishi Wenxian Congshu, led by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Library Society and supported by limited investment from enthusiastic scholars, has achieved considerable success in rescuing and preserving Inner Mongolia's distinctive literature and facilitating reader access \cite{7}.

3.4 Innovate Participation Methods

As important public cultural service platforms with both physical spaces and online platforms (WeChat official accounts, video channels, self-developed apps), public libraries can innovate participation methods to advance local literature series projects. First, host academic conferences or publication summary meetings to promote local culture research and inheritance, such as the Bayu Wenxian Zongmu publication symposium held at Chongqing Library, which systematically summarized compilation experience and planned future work \cite{24}. Second, utilize new book launch events to cultivate public awareness of local literature preservation and encourage public participation, such as Taizhou Library's launch ceremony for the fourth volume of Taizhou Wenxian Congshu, which promoted local history and highlighted compilation achievements \cite{25}. Third, expand reader services to broaden series utilization by establishing dedicated shelves or reading spaces, organizing exhibitions, book recommendations, and reading salons to attract readers and enhance series impact.

3.5 Establish Effective Mechanisms

Protecting local historical documents and inheriting outstanding traditional culture are core missions of public libraries. Local literature series compilation represents an effective approach to rescuing documents and preserving local cultural heritage. Therefore, libraries should incorporate series promotion into their regular work and establish corresponding mechanisms. First, create a talent guarantee mechanism by cultivating specialists in ancient and local literature collation, establishing dedicated departments, and formulating work systems to provide human resources support. Second, establish a funding guarantee mechanism with special budgets for ancient book and local literature resource development and collation. Third, develop a strategic development mechanism by incorporating series promotion into library key work plans to ensure sustained, effective progress.

As China's socio-economic and cultural development continues to gain momentum, local literature series projects have flourished nationwide under policies aimed at building a culturally strong nation, enhancing cultural confidence, and promoting excellent traditional Chinese culture. Public libraries, as vital components of the public cultural service system, possess functions in document preservation and development, cultural dissemination, and education services. Public libraries, especially grassroots institutions, should actively engage in local literature work, participate in and promote series implementation, rescue rare local documents, inherit outstanding local culture, and advance the dynamic utilization of local literature in diverse forms, thereby providing professional, scientific, and efficient support for high-quality local cultural development.

References

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